Literary Analysis of the Enlightenment Period and...

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the literary world witnessed the birth of the Enlightenment and Romantic Periods. There were similarities as well as very notable differences between the two. There were also two prominent voices that gained notoriety during each of these two periods. Voltaire is considered to be the pioneer of the power of reason and Rousseau is looked upon as a legendary figure of Nineteenth Century Romanticism. This analysis will evaluate the two eras, both writers and a literary piece. The Enlightenment Era gave way to an age of reasoning. During this time, the writers were regarded as philosophers. They came up with diverse theories and possessed different points of view. Never the less, the†¦show more content†¦The focus is now shifted to individualism, emotions, and nature. (James 485)These themes provided new ideas and different means to interpret and understand the world in a whole new light. Reasoning was no longer the most important concept that guided society’s way of looking at the world. During the Romantic Era, the individual became more important than in the past. According to J.M. Cohen, this era encouraged people to look at themselves not as fragments extending from heaven to the natural world but as inimitable entities eminent in their own authenticity. (Cohen, 7) This idea indicates that man is a distinct being entitled to explore and express his own feelings and thoughts. Simply put, examine the man as an individual and not as a unit. The Romantic Era was a period of that examined emotions and put them into words. Romantics abandoned the logical traditional Western World thought which believed that intelligence was the method used to understand the world. However, the Romantics opted to espouse imagination and feelings as a veritable approach to empathize the world. (James ,488) Lastly, the Romantic Era blended human emotions with nature. The interfacing of emotion and nature was emblematic of Romantic poetry, whether it engrossed the idea of bequeathing human emotions to an innate article like a river or connecting the scenery to the temperament of the writer. (James, 491) This kind of beauty that isShow MoreRelatedThe Romantic Era Of The Age Of Enlightenment890 Words   |  4 PagesThe Romantic Era was a literary movement that occurred in the late 18th century and the early 19th century. During this movement, artists and authors alike rebelled against the established order and classism of the time, and the values once believed in during the Age of Enlightenment (The Romantic Era ). While the people of the Age of Enlightenment valued reason, and focused on the new and original (The Enlightenment), the people of the Romantic Era focused on the emotions of the individual, natureRead MoreComparison of Hofffman’s work, The Sandman, and Mosse’s, F rom Romanticism to the Volk1218 Words   |  5 PagesMosse’s, From Romanticism to the Volk, share cohesive concepts, each examine the dramatic cultural shift toward promoting nationalist thought in the minds of the German people. Through the â€Å"rootlessness† of his characters, the cognitive disparity between Nathanael and Klara, and the structure of The Sandman, Hoffman aptly uses the folktale genre to effectively reveal his disdain for the tenets of enlightenment as they challenged the new Volk ideology of Germany. Mosse’s scholarly analysis criticallyRead MoreJean Jacques Rousseau s Work Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesreligious writing which put the crosshairs right on his back. In the time period that Rousseau lived this was a dangerous opinion to have. Rousseau lived in the Age of enlightenment which was dominated by reason and analysis rather than traditional authority. The thinkers of this age argued that â€Å"human history was progressing towards perfection by casting off old habits and fetters.† (55). However by the 1750’s Enlightenment thinkers were becoming vulnerable and a few rose up to attack them such asRead MoreRomanticism And The Formation Of The Romantic Era1920 Words   |  8 PagesHow does Romanticism relate to the Enlightenment? A simple question, but with a very complex answer. Essentially, the Enlightenment is the very reason for the formation of the Romantic era. In order to understand how the Enlightenment inspired Romanticism, it is important to be familiar with each era as a separate entity. Consequently, the Enlightenment, also known as the â€Å"Age of Reason,† began during the late 1600s and lasted up until the mid-late 1700s. Some of the most prominent ideals that cameRead MoreClose Critical Analysis of Coleridges Frost at Midnight1716 Words   |  7 Pagesrevealing how the key concerns of Romanticism were communicated through the poem. The Romantic period in English literature ran from around 1785, following the death of the eminent neo-classical writer Samuel Johnson, to the ascension of Queen Victoria to the throne in 1837. However, in the years spanning this period writers were not identified as exponents of a recognised literary movement. It was only later that literary historians created and applied the term Romanticism. Since then, a further distinctionRead More Close critical analysis of Coleridges Frost at Midnight Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesrevealing how the key concerns of Romanticism were communicated through the poem. The Romantic period in English literature ran from around 1785, following the death of the eminent neo-classical writer Samuel Johnson, to the ascension of Queen Victoria to the throne in 1837. However, in the years spanning this period writers were not identified as exponents of a recognised literary movement. It was only later that literary historians created and applied the term Romanticism. Since then, a further distinctionRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1078 Words   |  5 Pagesfundamental for the comprehension of this essay, especially when it contrasts cohesively with Shelley’s lucid references to â€Å"the sublime.† Over-reliance on scientific information and progression, eventually leads to environmental diminishment. During the period of time when Shelley was writing this piece, she would’ve been exposed to the consequential factors of the Industrial Revolution in England. Modernization was resulting in the destruction of the natural world the R omantics favoured so heavily. TheseRead MoreAnalysis Of Samuel Taylor Coleridge s Kubla Khan 1778 Words   |  8 Pagesas one of the few major leaders of British Romanticism. His poems, both individual works and collaborations with another Romantic leader, William Wordsworth, are proof of this. His works incorporated ideas that are often found in Romantic poetry, such as a reverence for nature, emphasis on emotion and imagination over reason and logic, and other themes that contradicted thinkers of the Age of Reason. Coleridge assisted in the change from Enlightenment ideals favoring rationality and deduction toRead MoreEnglish Preromanticism: William Blake3403 Words   |  14 PagesGriciuvien English Preromanticism: William Blake Term Paper Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. M. Ã…  idlauskas 2008 CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............3 1. William Blake-a forerunner of English Romanticism 1 William Blake-a social critic of his own time†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 2 William Blake’s ideas and the Modern World†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 2. â€Å"Songs of innocence and of Experience†-the most popular W.Blake’s poem book 1 The social significanceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Good And Evil 1565 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Murray ENC 1102- 07 03 November 2014 The Good and Evil in â€Å"Benito Cereno† Benito Cereno is certainly one of the most mysterious and notorious novellas of Melville. Full in symbolism and somewhat gothic in its analysis, that it has caused a great partition among the literary critics of Melville. Various critics have argued that the text defenses the association of slavery while others have argued that it sentences it. There are those who have not taken into consideration at all the racial

“Left Wing Single Party States Achieve Power as the...

Nenad Stefanovski Ms Fleming IB1 History 18 March 2013 â€Å"Left Wing single party states achieve power as the result of a revolutionary process against tradition.† Does this adequately explain how any one single party state that you have studied acquired power? In 1917, a revolution took place in Russia that overthrew the traditional Tsarist regime and brought a single party state, the Bolshevik Party, into power. The Bolshevik party harnessed the revolutionary spirit from the overthrow of the Tsarist regime in order to overthrow the Provisional government and eventually seize power. There are several reasons that the Bolshevik Party went against tradition including the failure of the Tsarist regime and the failure of the Provisional†¦show more content†¦One of the main reasons that the Bolsheviks gained support in 1917 was due to the fact that Lenin rejected any compromise with the propertied classes, and insisted that the power should be held by the proletariat and the peasants, which was the majority of Russiaâ€℠¢s population. Another reason for the Bolshevik’s growing support was because the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries continued to support the Provisional Government. The Provisional Government had failed to enact land reforms demanded by the peasantry and had failed to keep the military from falling apart. As previously mentioned, the Bolsheviks had harnessed the revolutionary mood of the workers and garrison soldiers in order to successfully go through with the October Revolution (Connor 1). The Petrograd Soviets and the Red Guards also supported the overthrow of the Provisional Government as they did not feel it represented their interests. This gave even more support to the Bolsheviks as they promised the overthrow of the traditional order. Lenin created the Sovnarkom, which would be the new type of government in Russia, and would replace the Provisional Government (Provisional Government). The Sovnarkom’s initial objectives represented a revolt against tradition . This is because the objectives included land collectivization, where land is taken from the nobles, church, and tsar and given to the peasants, and to empower workers to set up factory committees to take control of factories. After theShow MoreRelatedStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 PagesAmericas New York, NY 10020 Copyright  © 1998 by Henry Mintzberg, Ltd., Bruce Ahlstrand, and Joseph Lampel All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. 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Investment & Performance Analysis Click Now to Get Solution

Questions: i) A review of the top-down analysis that led to the focus on a particular company. A rational for considering particular economies, industries and companies from within those industries should be provided. ii) A fully explained / justified calculation of the current intrinsic value of the company - established using at least one DCF technique and one relative valuation technique (all figures employed including growth projections to be explained / justified and performance comparisons within industries and / or between countries explained. N.B. illustrative examples used in the lectures / workshops should not be used). iii) As the methods employed in ii) above are likely to result in different valuations, you are required to provide an academic justification of the valuation method(s) you will rely upon. Answers: (i). The top down approach of TMC academy has been illustrated below with the diagram as follows: Figure: Top down analysis (Source: Pheimunittrusts.com. 2016) Global factors: The first aspect of the top down analysis is to consider the global factor, which adds to the increment in the value of the shareholders. The various types of the global factors, which affect the values of TMC Education, include the admission of more number of students from different region of the globe. The company should aim at increasing the intake of the student from varied areas so that the company can look forward positively to the contribution to the global parameters. The institution should also focus on the existing political, situation in that particular region so that the institute can look forward to increase the amount of the increase in intake of the students. It also ensures that then expansion of the institute in the different location is having a stable political situation to support the operations. (Statistics ,2013) Country specific factors: The country specific objective includes the socio political situation, population statistics and the balance of payment situation in the chosen country. This helps the company to eliminate the various types of the aspects, which exists, as a result, of the defaults in the payments made by the monetary and fiscal measures by the existing Government. The company is also able. In this way, the company is able to overcome to the various types of the existing barriers arising due to the country specific factors. (IMF Survey The Global Economy 2016). Sector specific factors The sector specific factor includes the various type of the growth in the valuation and the understanding of the cycles in the relative valuations of the country. The institution should also look forward to the various aspects of the investment opportunities, which exists in counterpart of the different location of the world, which may contribute to the growth of the institute. The growth of the institute can be studied on the basis of the relative growth of the other such institutes located in the adjoining location of the Middle road Singapore region. The company will be able to see the potential growth opportunities, which exist in the growth pattern of the different institutes and the company will be able to define the various styles of the policies of the strategic management, which will contribute to the growth of the institute (Deng et al., 2014). Stock selection: The company further needs to evaluate the stock of the company by the analysis of various types of the qualitative and the quantitative analysis, which include the analysis of the qualitative education of the academy. This further show the several, aspects quality and the quantity on the basis if then number of the intake of the students of the institute of the various types of the adjoining institutes and needs to improve its quality of the education services base on then similar institutes based in Singapore (Deng et al., 2014). (ii). Intrinsic value can be defined as the actual value of a business, asset or stock, which is determined by incorporating all the factors, related to the item. It is not necessary that the intrinsic value and the market value of any item will be equal all the time. Intrinsic value of any company or stock is computed by using various methods techniques. The most common methods to calculate intrinsic value are Discounted Cash Flow Model and Relative Valuation Model (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2013). Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Model:- Discounted Cash Flow model is the most popular and appreciated model, used for calculating intrinsic value. DCF model use to forecast the profitability of any investment opportunity by estimating the future cash flows. In this process, the projected future cash flows are discounted to estimate the net present value of the future cash flows to evaluate the potentiality of the investment (DeFusco et al., 2015). The fair value of TMC Education Corporations Ltd. shares is evaluated below by using DCF model. To forecast the future cash flows, the most important factor is growth rate. It can be measured by different techniques. One of the techniques is CAGR Model. The formula of growth rate under CAGR model is as follows: Growth Rate = (EV/BV)1/n 1 Where, EV = Ending value of Investment BV = Beginning Value of Investment n = Nos. of Period The growth rate of TMC Education is calculated in the following table: Free Cash Flows (FCFs) 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Net Income/(Loss) Before Tax (3,901,587) (2,809,935) (2,966,943) (2,025,486) 68,437 Add Depreciation 640,375 594,730 594,236 604,082 799,586 Add Interest Expenses 34,056 89,014 18,852 138 7,037 Total EBIT (3,227,156) (2,126,191) (2,353,855) (1,421,266) 875,060 EBIT Growth Rate using CAGR -229.82% Current Assets 3,458,104 4,652,781 3,839,911 3,113,741 6,685,019 6,233,020 Add (Subtract) - Decrease(Increase) in Current Assets (given) 1,194,677 (812,870) (726,170) 3,571,278 (451,999) Current Assets' Growth Rate using CAGR -221.46% Plant, Machinery Equipment 2,057,945 2,388,217 2,195,695 6,586,103 12,792,041 13,367,663 Add (Subtract) - Decrease(Increase) in Plant, Machinery Equipment (given) 330,272 (192,522) 4,390,408 6,205,938 575,622 PPE Growth Rate using CAGR -10.52% Current Liabilities 7,991,374 7,404,077 9,198,913 6,980,002 7,542,612 8,000,115 Add (Subtract) - Increase (Decrease) in Current Liabilities (given) 587,297 (1,794,836) 2,218,911 (562,610) (457,503) Current Liabilities' Growth Rate using CAGR -205.12% The growth rate can be calculated by using AAGR method also. The formula of AAGR is derived by the following formula: Growth Rate = (AGR1 + AGR2 +AGRn) /n Where, AGR = Annual growth Rate n = Number of Periods The growth rate of TM Education, by using AAGR method, is calculated in the following table: Free Cash Flows (FCFs) 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Net Income Before Tax (3,901,587) (2,809,935) (2,966,943) (2,025,486) 68,437 Add Depreciation 640,375 594,730 594,236 604,082 799,586 Add Interest Expenses 34,056 89,014 18,852 138 7,037 Total EBIT (3,227,156) (2,126,191) (2,353,855) (1,421,266) 875,060 y/y Growth 51.78% -9.67% 65.62% -262.42% Average Growth -38.67% Current Assets 3,458,104 4,652,781 3,839,911 3,113,741 6,685,019 6,233,020 Add (Subtract) - Decrease(Increase) in Current Assets (given) 1,194,677 (812,870) (726,170) 3,571,278 (451,999) y/y Growth -246.97% 11.94% -120.33% -890.11% Average Growth -311.37% Plant, Machinery Equipment 2,057,945 2,388,217 2,195,695 6,586,103 12,792,041 13,367,663 Add (Subtract) - Decrease(Increase) in Plant, Machinery Equipment (given) 330,272 (192,522) 4,390,408 6,205,938 575,622 y/y Growth -271.55% -104.39% -29.25% 978.13% Average Growth 143.23% Current Liabilities 7,991,374 7,404,077 9,198,913 6,980,002 7,542,612 8,000,115 Add (Subtract) - Increase (Decrease) in Current Liabilities (given) 587,297 (1,794,836) 2,218,911 (562,610) (457,503) y/y Growth -132.72% -180.89% -494.40% 22.97% Average Growth -196.26% As discussed above, the FCFs are discounted for evaluating its present value. Therefore, it is very necessary to determine WACC for discounting the FCFs, as the formula of discounted cash flow is: DCF = FCF/(1+WACC)n Where, n = number of periods The formula of WACC is given below: WACC = (E/V x ke) + [(D/V x kd) x (1-Tc)] Where, E/V = Weighted Average Equity Capital ke = Cost of Capital D/V = Weighted Average Debt Capital kd = Cost of Debt Tc = Tax Rate As per the formula, the WACC of TMC Education is calculated below: Payout ratio = Dividend Per Share / EPS (Basic) FY2014 FY2013 Dividend per share (Do) 0.0597 0.0000 EPS - Basic $ (2.31) (1.71) Payout ratio -2.58% 0.00% Return of Equity = Profit For The Year / Total Equity FY2014 FY2013 S$'000 S$'000 Profit for the year (3,901,587) (2,809,935) Total Equity 17,538,270 21,465,801 Return of Equity -22.25% -13.09% Dividend Growth Rate = Return of Equity x Retention Rate (1-Payout Ratio) FY2014 FY2013 Return of Equity -22.25% -13.09% Retention Rate (1-Payout Ratio) 102.58% 100.00% Dividend Growth Rate (g) -22.82% -13.09% Discounted Rate (ke) = Dividend Per Share (D1) / Value of Stock (P0) + Dividend Growth Rate (g) FY2014 FY2013 Share price 0.069 0.069 FX Conversion Rate into SGD 1 1 Share price - SGD 0.07 0.07 Dividend per share (D1) 0.0461 0.0000 Share price - SGD (P0) 0.0686 0.0686 Dividend Growth Rate (g) -0.2282 -0.1309 Discounted Rate (ke) 44.38% -13.09% 2.3 COST OF DEBT Total Debts FY2014 FY2013 S$'000 S$'000 Non-Current Laibilites: Notes Convertible Bonds - CL Senior note Borrowings 3,243,255 602,829 Current Lailibilies: Bank debts and current portion of long term debts 1,248,223 1,049,996 Convertible bonds - CL Senior note - CL Trade and otherpayables 6,743,151 6,354,081 Borrowings Total Debts 11,234,629 8,006,906 Cost of Debt (kd) = Finance / Total Debts FY2014 FY2013 S$'000 S$'000 Finance Costs 34,056 89,014 Total Debts 11,234,629 8,006,906 Cost of Debt (kd) 0.30% 1.11% 2.4 WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL (WACC) Capital Structure = Equity + Debts FY2014 FY2013 S$'000 S$'000 Issues Capital (E) 17,538,270 21,465,801 Total Debts (D) 11,234,629 8,006,906 V = E + D 28,772,899 29,472,707 Calculation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) = (E/V x ke) + [(D/V x kd) x (1-Tc)] FY2014 FY2013 E/V 60.95% 72.83% ke 44.38% -13.09% D/V 39.05% 27.17% kd 0.30% 1.11% 1-Tc (1-17%) 83% 83% WACC 27.15% -9.28% (iii). From the above discussion, it is very much clear that different valuation methods use to evaluate an investment by different parameters. Hence, the outcomes of the valuation processes do not tally with each other. In the above table, both the DCF Model and Relative Valuation Method are demonstrated under two different factors. For DCF Model, the growth rates are determined under two different techniques. The relative valuation model is also demonstrated by using two ratios. Different Techniques of DCF Model:- As discussed above, the growth rate, required for calculating the DCF, is computed under two different techniques Compound Annual Growth Model (CAGR) and Average Annual Growth Rate Model (AAGR). In CAGR model, the growth rate is calculated by using the ending value and the beginning value of the investment. It can be defined as the smoothest yield rate of any return. It is easy to calculate. It is very effective for ascertaining growth rates of historical prices. It should be noted that CAGR model does not incorporate the risk factors, associated with an investment (Bierman Jr Smidt, 2012). AAGR model is another simple model, used for growth rate ascertainment. This model considers the year-to-year growth rate to derive the average growth rate for a certain period. Therefore, the growth rate under this model reflects the growth trend of the investment. However, as it is determined by considering all the annual growth rates over a period, if in any particular period, the growth rate is abnormally high or low, that creates impact on the average growth rate (Balassa, 2014). It is always better to consider the CAGR model for any long-term investment. It helps to predict the future value better than AAGR. In the above calculation, the fair value of the shares derived from CAGR is equal to the market value, whereas, as per AAGR model, the fair value is SG$0.04, which is lower than the market value. Thus, it proves that, for DCF model, growth rate under CAGR helps to provide the accurate outcomes (Dolvin et al., 2012). Different Techniques for Relative Valuation: Relative valuation can be ascertained by using two different ratios P/E Ratio and EV/EBITDA Ratio. P/E ratio is the most common metrics for investment appraisal. It provides the input to evaluate the shares by the earnings of the company. It should be noted that many companies use to manipulate the accounting returns for showing higher P/E ratio. Moreover, it only considers profits and does not incorporate cash flows (Hirshleifer et al., 2013). EV/EBITDA ratio includes cash flows and overall value of the company. Therefore, it provides more accurate overview of the financial position. It has been observed that for negative profits or net losses, this ratio does not provide proper evaluation (Pinto et al., 2015). In this scenario, most of the companies are having net losses. Therefore, the average EV/EBITDA of TMC Education is not showing proper figures. Hence, for this particular case, P/E Ratio is considered as the better alternative for relative valuation. Comparison between DCF Model Relative Valuation Model: DCF model consider the discounted future cash flows for determining the present value of shares. It incorporates the discount factor and also the time value of money. Therefore, investor, using DCF model, can forecast about the future earnings of the investments. The relative valuation model depends on the industrial benchmark or the competitors financial performance. It depicts the fair value of the share, which is more market driven (Penman, 2015). An investor always prefers such evaluation model, which can provide him the overview on future performances of the investment. Hence, from this point of view, DCF analysis is the better alternatives, as it depicts how much an investor can earn from any investment in the future (Spronk et al, 2016). It also defines the fair value of the investment, which can be paid for the future earnings. Reference List:- Amiri, A., Ravanpaknodezh, H., Jelodari, A. (2016). Comparison of stock valuation models with their intrinsic value in Tehran Stock Exchange.Marketing and Branding Research,3(1), 24 Arabsalehi, M., Mahmoodi, I. (2012). The quest for the superior financial performance measures.International Journal of Economics and Finance,4(2), 116 Awan, A. G., Siddique, K., Sarwar, G. (2014). The Effect of Economic Value-Added on Stock Return: Evidence from selected Companies of Karachi Stock Exchange.Research Journal of Finance and Accounting,5(23), 140-152 Balassa, B. (2014). Development Strategies'.International Economics and Development: Essays in Honor of Ral Prebisch, 159 Bierman Jr, H., Smidt, S. (2012).The capital budgeting decision: economic analysis of investment projects. Routledge Borde, N. A. (2013). Shareholder value creation in indian companies: an empirical study Brigham, E. F., Ehrhardt, M. C. (2013).Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning Damodaran, A. (2012).Investment valuation: Tools and techniques for determining the value of any asset(Vol. 666). John Wiley Sons. DeFusco, R. A., McLeavey, D. W., Pinto, J. E., Anson, M. J., Runkle, D. E. (2015).Quantitative investment analysis. John Wiley Sons Deng, y., mcmillen, d. p., sing, t. f. (2014). matching indices for thinly-traded commercial real estate in singapore. regional science and urban economics, 47, 86-98. (ii).

Reality Vs. Idealism Essays - Fiction, Literature,

Reality Vs. Idealism In the short story, ?An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge?, Ambrose Bierce quickly drifted from realism in the beginning of the story to idealism throughout the rest of the selection. Immediately before Peyton experiences his first idealistic event, Bierce described a realistic thought on how Peyton closed his eyes and attempted to fix his final thoughts on his loved ones, his wife and children. Bierce described an idealistic observation by the main character, Peyton as he explained how he could see the intricate details through the vibrancy of the leaves of trees on the riverbank. As the story goes on Bierce often refers to the soldiers, the captain, the sergeant, the two privates, and his executioners as monsters. He refers to their movements as ?grotesque and horrible? and their size ?gigantic.? As Peyton tore off the noose around his neck and thrust it aside vigorously, he described how the movements of his hands resembled the movements of a water snake. As Peyton began on his final thoughts reality faded quickly to an unrealistic point of view, or state of mind. Bierce described an unrealistic, super natural sort of power that Peyton obtained as he emerged from the stream. At that moment Peyton was in full possession of his physical senses and could feel and understand things never before perceived. The first sense that he had noticed was his amplified sight and his perception living things. From the stream he noticed the distinct colors in the dewdrops upon the blades of grass. He could see from across the bank, the gray spiders connecting their webs from twig to twig. As he noticed the veining of each leaf on the trees he also observed every little insect upon them. He could see everything as if it was in slow motion and amplified to the creators' explanation of how and what steps he took to paint his master piece. Bierce described his second unrealistic encounter as his sense of hearing being amplified, as to hear every little sound, far and near. As Bierce described in his unique, highly descriptive style of writing, Peyton could hear the ?humming of the gnats that danced above the eddies of the stream.? Most human beings are incapable of hearing a gnat fly and roam about, for it's size and muted humming is no louder than a pin dropped on a rug. He could hear the flapping of the dragonflies' wings and the strokes of the water spiders as they ventured through the stream. He described all these lucid sounds as audible music. Peyton's hearing was remarkably and quixotically amplified beyond any human beings capability. The way Bierce described Peyton's super natural powers, so to say was so detailed and full of imagery. As Peyton once again emerged to the top of the stream the soldiers or in Peyton's point of view, monsters, were all aimed directly at him ready to shoot on command. As the commander ordered his men to fire Peyton dove deep into the stream and was shot between his collarbone and neck, which he so simply pulled right out with no pain or blood. Bierce describes how Peyton thought with the rapidity of lightening. These are yet more super natural, unreal descriptions of the visions and superhero like qualities. Bierce explains Peyton's adventure of escape and idealistic traits in such a believable way that if it wasn't so exaggerated it could very well be mistaken as reality. As Peyton was being hanged the idealistic events began to occur. Bierce described through the nearly the whole story how Peyton experiences super natural powers such as, amplified sight, hearing, the ability to remove a bullet with such ease that he simply snatches it right out, and highly sensitive touch. Bierce told of how he escaped through his five senses being recorded in a way that no man would ever perceive. As the story ends and Peyton is still hanging high above the river, with a noose around his neck, idealism once again fades into reality.